Metabolism

Catabolic processes involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy that can be used by the cell.

• Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells extract energy from glucose, producing ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.
• Fermentation: An anaerobic process that allows cells to produce energy without oxygen, resulting in byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.
• Glycolysis: The first step in cellular respiration, breaking down glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP and NADH.

Anabolic processes build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. These processes are essential for growth, repair, and maintenance.

• Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
• Protein Synthesis: The formation of proteins from amino acids, directed by the genetic code.
• Lipid Synthesis: The production of lipids, such as fats and oils, from fatty acids and glycerol.